Roofing Materials for Historic Structures

Preserving Authenticity and Balancing Durability

When repairing or restoring historic buildings, roofing material choices play a crucial role in maintaining the structure's long-term viability and significance. We have become advocates for the use of metal roofs, because they offer economy and longevity, while still meeting historic precedent and concerns for the majority of applications. 

Traditional Roofing Materials

In the 19th century Midwest, wood shingles were the most common roofing material. They were the cheapest option at the time, and understood to be the least durable of roofing materials (after fabrics). Wood shingles were either milled or hand-split from species like oak or pine. The choice between sawn and hand-split shingles depended on the era and local economics. Metal, clay, and stone were available at a higher cost, and utilized as roofing materials for those with both the budget and an interest in durability.

Factors to Consider When Choosing Roofing Materials Today

A leaking roof causes damage and decay that destroys a space. If the number one concern is keeping a building upright and usable, this makes the roofing material the most important consideration. It is a huge cost that recurs at regular intervals during a building’s life. If future roof replacement costs can not/are not being planned for, or the ability to fund the work at regular intervals is uncertain, it is important to choose a long-lasting material.

• Budget and Longevity: There may be compelling reasons (as in a museum scenario) to replace short-lived materials (i.e. wood shingles or fabrics) with the same. If this is done, it must be with long-term finances and planning in place to assure regular replacement and the safe guarding of the structure. 

• In the majority of cases, materials with the greatest longevity can and should be selected even if they are a change from the original.

• These should be chosen with care and be sensitive to the original design intent.

• Authenticity: The type of roofing material used should be historically accurate for the building's period and location.

• Understanding the availability and use of roofing materials during the time period and locale opens many reasonable choices.

• Durability: The chosen material should be durable and able to withstand the general local climate as well as severe weather events.

• Flashing Details: Just as important as the roofing material itself– flashing must be compatible, durable, and installed in a careful manner to ensure performance.

• If you put on an “100 year metal roof” the flashing should meet that lifespan goal as well.

• Flashing should function mechanically, without a dependence on short-lived sealants.

• Maintenance: The level of maintenance required for the roof must be considered, as well as cost, ease, and efficacy of repairs.

• Fire Hazard: The material's susceptibility to fire should be taken into account.

Modern Roofing Alternatives for Historic Buildings

While traditional materials like wood shingles can be used, modern alternatives like steel shingles with a "shake" appearance can offer a balance between historic accuracy and practicality. Standing seam steel roofs are now a fantastic option, economical and durable with the longest of life-spans. Although metal may not be what was originally installed on a building, it can be considered an upgrade with plenty of historic precedent to meet the strictest historic standards.

Finding the Right Solution

Consulting with local historic preservation organizations and experienced roofing contractors is essential to determine the best roofing solution for any historic building. By carefully considering the factors of budget, goals, authenticity, durability, maintenance, and fire hazard, it is possible to find a roofing solution that preserves the building's historic significance while ensuring its long-term protection.

1842 barn near St Charles IL-  white oak shingles —documentation indicates the builder split his oak shingles for this building. Garfield Farm Museum